A review on brain age prediction in brain ageing / 生物医学工程学杂志

The human brain deteriorates as we age, and the rate and the trajectories of these changes significantly vary among brain regions and among individuals. Because neuroimaging data are potentially important indicators of individual's brain health, they are commonly used in brain age prediction. In this review, we summarize brain age prediction model from neuroimaging-based studies in the last ten years. The studies are categorized based on their image modalities and feature types. The results indicate that the prediction frameworks based on neuroimaging holds promise toward individualized brain age prediction. Finally, we addressed the challenges in brain age prediction and suggested some future research directions.

Clinical analysis of three cases of listerial rhombencephalitis / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To describe the features of clinical,imaging and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of listerial rhombencephalitis to improve the understanding of this disease in clinical practice.Methods All the clinical data of three cases of listerial rhombencephalitis from April to August 2017 in Qilu Hospital were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Results All the three cases were healthy adult women before,with a rapidly progressive course,beginning with fever (38.2-40 ℃),headache accompanied by nausea and vomiting,followed by cranial paralysis,dysphagia and paralysis of the limbs on the 2nd to 5th day of onset,and developed to acute respiratory failure and unconsciousness on the 5th to 8th day of onset.All the three patients were diagnosed with CSF culture positive for Listera monocytogenes on the 3rd to 5th day after admission.The initial CSF lactic acid increased significantly,representing 12.3,12.0 and 10.0 mmol/L respectively;CSF white blood cells were 416× 106/L,760× 106/L and 793× 106/L,respectively,and the protein levels were 0.76 g/L,0.57 g/L and 1.47 g/L,respectively.Brain images showed brain stem was involved in all the three patients,therein cases 1 and 3 with cerebellar hemisphere involved,case 2 with upper cervical spinal cord involved,and case 1 with supratentorial hydrocephalus involved.After treatment with sensitive antibiotics,case 1 recovered,case 2 died,and case 3 lived with dysphagia.Conclusions Listerial rhombencephalitis should be suspected when a patient started with fever and headache,rapidly progressed to cranial nerve paralysis,brainstem symptoms,and acute respiratory failure,especially when the brain imaging suggested brainstem involved with increased white blood cells and apparently elevated lactic acid level of CSF.The earlier the sensitive antibiotics initiated,the better the patients' prognosis.

Dislexia y discalculia: una revisión sistemática actual desde la neurogenética / Dyslexia and Dyscalculia: a Current Systematic Revision from a Neurogenetics Perspective

Resumen Los Trastornos Específicos del Aprendizaje constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de alteraciones frecuentes que pueden generar problemas importantes no solo durante la etapa escolar, sino a lo largo de toda la vida. Las dificultades persistentes en lectura (dislexia) y en matemáticas (discalculia) son, por su relevancia y prevalencia, los dos Trastornos de Aprendizaje más importantes en la práctica educativa y clínica. El objetivo del estudio es realizar una síntesis de los descubrimientos científicos de los últimos diez años sobre las bases neuroanatómicas y genéticas de la dislexia y la discalculia. Se realizó un análisis exhaustivo bibliográfico desde 2006 hasta enero de 2017 en inglés y español centrados en neuroimagen y genética de dislexia y discalculia mediante las bases de datos Medline, PsyInfo, Scopus, Web of Science y Dialnet. Se incluyeron 38 artículos de los cuales se extrajeronn las aportaciones desde la neuroimagen y la genética tanto para la dislexia como de discalculia. Estos datos facilitaron herramientas para orientar al contexto psicológico y educativo, a su vez proporcionando respuestas definitivas.

Abstract The Specific Learning Disorders represent a heterogeneous group of common conditions that can generate important problems not only during schooling but also throughout life. The persistent difficulties in reading (dyslexia) and maths (dyscalculia) are, due to their significance and prevalence, the two most important learning disorders in both educational and clinical practice. The objective of this study is to make a synthesis of the scientific findings of the past ten years about neuroanatomical and genetic basis of dyslexia and dyscalculia. To this aim a comprehensive bibliographic analysis is conducted from 2006 until January, 2017 in English and Spanish from databases Medline, PsyInfo, Scopus, Web of Science y Dialnet. There were included 43 articles with contributions so much about dyslexia as dyscalculia from the neuroimagen and the genetics. This information will provide tools to guide psychological and educational environments and to provide definitive answers.

Demências rapidamente progressivas. Importância da neuroimagem nas etapas diagnósticas. / Rapidly progressive dementias. Importance of neuroimage in the diagnostic steps.

As demências rapidamente progressivas constituem um grupo heterogêneo de condições clínicas (neurodegenerativas, vasculares, infecciosas, imunomediadas, tóxicas, metabólicas, tumorais, psicogênicas) e cirúrgicas. Avaliação detalhada é imprescindível, devendo ser seguido protocolo extenso constituído por diversas etapas diagnósticas, que compreendem anamnese detalhada, exames clínico e neurológico, e avaliação complementar. É ressaltada a importância da neuroimagem (RM estrutural do cérebro), sendo apresentadas imagens ilustrativas características das principais condições.

Rapidly progressive dementias constitute a heterogeneous group of clinical (neurodegenerative, vascular, infectious, immunomediated, toxic, metabolic, tumoral, psychogenic) and surgical conditions. Detailed evaluation is essential, and an extensive protocol constituted by several diagnostic steps must be followed, which include detailed anamnesis, clinical and neurological examination, and complementary assessment. The importance of neuroimage (structural MRI of the brain) is highlighted, and illustrative images characteristic of the main conditions are presented.

Hippocampal volume and CDR-SB can predict conversion to dementia in MCI patients / O volume do hipocampo e a soma dos subitens da escala CDR podem predizer a conversão para a demência nos pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the combination of two factors: clinical dementia rating sum of boxes scores (CDR-SB) and hippocampal volume (HV) as predictors of conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. METHODS: Twenty-eight individuals (9 normal and 19 with MCI) were classified according to their CDR sum of boxes scores into 3 groups. RESULTS: The hippocampal volume was significantly lower in the high-risk group and in those who developed dementia after two years. The rate of conversion was crescent among the three groups. CONCLUSION: We were proposed an additional measurement of the hippocampal volume which may be helpful in the prognosis. However, we noted that the CDR-SB is a method as efficient as neuroimaging to predict dementia with the advantage of being a procedure for low cost and easy implementation, more consistent with public policy.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a combinação de dois fatores: clinical dementia rating sum of boxes scores (CDR-SB) e volume hipocampal (VH) como preditores de conversão de ditúrbio cognitivo leve (DCL) em demência. MÉTODO: Vinte e oito indivíduos (9 normais e 19 com DCL) foram classificados de acordo com a soma dos escores CDR-SB em 3 grupos. RESULTADOS: O volume do hipocampo foi significativamente menor no grupo de alto risco e naqueles que desenvolveram demência depois de dois anos. A taxa de conversão foi crescente entre os três grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Propusemos uma medição adicional do volume do hipocampo que pode ser útil no prognóstico. No entanto, notou-se que a CDR-SB é um método tão eficiente quanto neuroimagem para prever demência com a vantagem de ser um processo de baixo custo e de fácil implementação, mais consistente com a política pública.

Caracterización etiológica del síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut sintomático / Etiological characterization of the symptomatic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

Introducción: el síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut es una encefalopatía epiléptica dependiente de la edad, de gran severidad, por su farmacorresistencia y las discapacidades asociadas. Objetivos: caracterizar el síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut sintomático según sexo, edad de inicio y diagnóstico, tipo de crisis predominantes, hallazgos en neuroimagen y etiología. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo con una muestra de 36 pacientes egresados del servicio de neuropediatría del Hospital Pediátrico "Juan M. Márquez", con diagnóstico de síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut sintomático y que tuvieran estudios de neuroimagen (tomografía axial computarizada y resonancia magnética nuclear). Las variables cualitativas se describieron estadísticamente mediante frecuencias absolutas y cifras porcentuales. Para los porcentajes de interés, se calculó su intervalo de confianza con el 95 % de confiabilidad (IC 95 %). Resultados y conclusiones: el síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut sintomático fue más frecuente en varones, que comenzaron con epilepsia antes del año de edad, el 33 % presentó síndrome de West. Más del 60 % se diagnosticó antes de los 4 años de edad. Las crisis más frecuentes fueron las tónicas y atónicas de cuello. La tomografía axial computarizada permite localizar zonas de atrofia y pocas lesiones estructurales, que se precisan por resonancia magnética nuclear como alteraciones de la migración neuronal. Después de las malformaciones del sistema nervioso central, la causa más frecuente fue la hipoxia perinatal.

Introduction: the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is an age-dependent epileptic encephalopathy very severe due to its drug-resistance and the associated inabilities. Objectives: to characterize the symptomatic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, according to sex, onset age and diagnosis, type of predominant crises, findings in neuroimage and etiology. Methods: a retrospective and descriptive study was conducted in 36 patients discharged from the neuropediatric service of the "Juan Manuel Márquez" Children Hospital diagnosed with symptomatic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and underwent neuroimage studies (computerized axial tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance). Qualitative variables were statistically described by means of absolute frequencies and percentage figures. For interesting percentages, its 95 % confidence interval (CI) was estimated (95 % CI). Results and conclusions: the symptomatic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome was more frequent in males starting with epilepsy before one year old. The 33 % had West's syndrome. More than 60 % was diagnosed before the four years old. The more frequent crises were the tonic and atonic ones of neck. The CAT allows locating zones of atrophy and few structural lesions signaled b y nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as alterations of neuronal migration. After the central nervous system (CNS) malformations, the more frequent cause was the perinatal hypoxia.

A ultrassonografia transcraniana como método diagnóstico em neurologia. Parte II: revisão da literatura / Transcranial Ultrasonography as diagnostic method in neurology. Part II: Literature review

A ultrassonografia transcraniana (USTC) é um método de neuroimagem baseado na física acústica. Nos indivíduos com janela acústica temporal adequada, o exame permite a visualização de estruturas encefálicas, principalmente o mesencéfalo, núcleos da base, tálamos e segmentos do sistema ventricular. A técnica já foi utilizada em pesquisas de diversas doenças neuropsiquiátricas. Em cerca de 90% dos portadores da doença de Parkinson, observa-se um aumento da área ecogênica da substância negra visualizada à USTC. O presente artigo é a segunda parte de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema.

Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses physical acoustic principles. A good acoustic temporal bone window allows sonographic depiction of encephalic structures as the mesencephalon, basal ganglia, thalami and fragments of the ventricular system. The technique has been used in researches of different neuropsychiatric diseases. In 90% of Parkinsonïs disease patients an enlargement of the substantia nigra echogenic area is found by TCS. This paper is a review on the subject.

Methodological Review on Functional Neuroimaging Using Positron Emission Tomography / 핵의학분자영상

Advance of neuroimaging technique has greatly influenced recent brain research field. Among various neuroimaging modalities, positron emission tomography has played a key role in molecular neuroimaging though functional MRI has taken over its role in the cognitive neuroscience. As the analysis technique for PET data is more sophisticated, the complexity of the method is more increasing. Despite the wide usage of the neuroimaging techniques, the assumption and limitation of procedures have not often been dealt with for the clinician and researchers, which might be critical for reliability and interpretation of the results. In the current paper, steps of voxel-based statistical analysis of PET including preprocessing, intensity normalization, spatial normalization, and partial volume correction will be revisited in terms of the principles and limitations. Additionally, new image analysis techniques such as surface-based PET analysis, correlational analysis and multimodal imaging by combining PET and DTI, PET and TMS or EEG will also be discussed.

Specific Deficit Regarding the Precessing of Noun and Verb in Stroke Aphasia: One Case Analysis / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Noun and verb are always two primary lexical knowledge information in all kinds of languages. It plays an important role in the structure and function of the language. Cognitive activation and differential neural basis when aphasiacs distinguish from these two kinds of lexical knowledge information is the focus of subjects, such as neuropsychology, neurolinguistics and neuroimage. The specific deficit regarding the precessing of noun and verb was analyzed in the article with the data of this aphasiac.

Brain Structural Basis For Autobiographical Memory / 中国临床心理学杂志

Autobiographical memory (AM) is the memory of personal events. At present, autobiographical memory has become another upsurge of memory research after implicit memory. Researches of the brain -based structure for autobiographical memory have also been fruitful, this paper which combined with recent researches reviewed the brain structural basis of autobiographical memory.